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Ṣād 38:62-64

The Qurʾān · Sūra 38: Ṣād · verses 62-64

This commentary was written by Claude (Anthropic); it carries no religious authority and should be checked against the classical sources.

38/62-64

وَقَالُوا۟ مَا لَنَا لَا نَرَىٰ رِجَالًا كُنَّا نَعُدُّهُم مِّنَ ٱلْأَشْرَارِ · أَتَّخَذْنَٰهُمْ سِخْرِيًّا أَمْ زَاغَتْ عَنْهُمُ ٱلْأَبْصَٰرُ · إِنَّ ذَٰلِكَ لَحَقٌّ تَخَاصُمُ أَهْلِ ٱلنَّارِ

Wa qālū mā lanā lā narā rijālan kunnā naʿudduhum mina'l-ashrār · Attakhadhnāhum sukhriyyan am zāghat ʿanhumu'l-abṣār · Inna dhālika la-ḥaqqun takhāṣumu ahli'n-nār

"And they said: 'What is it with us that we do not see men we used to count among the evil? Did we take them for a mockery, or have our eyes swerved away from them?' This is the truth: the quarrelling of the people of the Fire."

The most striking moment of the scene

And now, in the middle of the scene of the Fire, something quite different happens: some of them look about and search for someone.

I record this as my own reading, and its ground is the position of the verse: between the fifty-ninth and the sixty-first verses there was accusation and imprecation. In the sixty-second the subject changes all at once: no one is accusing anyone any longer; an absence is noticed.

رِجَالًا كُنَّا نَعُدُّهُم مِّنَ ٱلْأَشْرَارِ — a counting

نَعُدُّ — root ع-د-د: to count. ʿAdad — a number. The verb is not "to suppose" but to count — to place in a list.

I record this as my own reading, and its ground is the choice of verb: the verse does not say "we supposed them to be evil"; it says "we used to count them among the evil." There was not a conviction, that is, but a classification. People had been put on a list.

أَشْرَار — its singular sharr. And the word is the exact opposite of al-akhyār (the best) in the forty-seventh and forty-eighth verses.

VerseWordWho
47, 48al-akhyārThe prophets — God's classification
62al-ashrārThe men looked for — people's classification

This is a verbal opposition that can be verified, and I record it as my own reading: the sūra sets two lists of the same kind against one another. And the sixty-second verse shows that the people's list does not hold.

And the word rijāl is indefinite: "certain men". No name is given.

أَتَّخَذْنَٰهُمْ سِخْرِيًّا أَمْ زَاغَتْ عَنْهُمُ ٱلْأَبْصَٰرُ — two possibilities

The sentence offers a question and two possibilities. And both possibilities are about themselves:

PossibilityWhat it means
Attakhadhnāhum sukhriyyā"We took them for a mockery" — the fault was in us
Am zāghat ʿanhumu'l-abṣār"Our eyes have swerved away from them" — now we cannot see

سِخْرِيّ — root س-خ-ر. It was treated at the eighteenth verse: the two branches of the root — taskhīr (to press into service) and sukhriyya (mockery). Here the second branch.

And this is an opposition within the sūra that can be verified:

VerseWordWhoWhat
18sakhkharnāGod → DavidThe mountains were pressed into service
36sakhkharnāGod → SolomonThe wind was pressed into service
63sukhriyyāPeople → the believersThey were made an object of mockery

The same root, three occurrences: two a favour, one a fault.

زَاغَتْ — root ز-ي-غ: to swerve, to slip, to depart from the straight. This root was treated in al-Najm at 53/17 (mā zāgha'l-baṣaru wa mā ṭaghā — "the eye neither swerved nor overstepped"). I rely on that.

And the comparison is striking and can be verified from the text:

VerseExpressionWho
al-Najm 53/17zāgha'l-baṣaru wa mā ṭaghāThe envoy's eye — it did not swerve
Ṣād 38/63am zāghat ʿanhumu'l-abṣārThe eyes of those in the Fire — have they swerved?

The same verb, the same subject (baṣar), two opposite verdicts.

And the word abṣār had occurred in the forty-fifth verse: uli'l-aydī wa'l-abṣār. It was tabulated above.

VerseAbṣārWho
45uli'l-aydī wa'l-abṣārThree prophets — those who possess them
63zāghat ʿanhumu'l-abṣārThose in the Fire — those whose eyes have swerved

I record this as my own reading, and its ground is these two occurrences: in the forty-fifth verse the sūra defined a class as "those possessed of eyes". In the sixty-third there are men asking whether their eyes have swerved.

That the question is not answered

And this is the most striking side of the verse: a question is asked and no answer is given.

The sūra does not answer this question. Where the men looked for are is not stated.

I record this as my own reading: the answer had in fact already been given between the forty-ninth and the fifty-fourth verses. The reader knows where the men asked about are — because that tableau was shown ten verses earlier. Those who ask do not know.

This is a consequence of the sūra's having set the two tableaux side by side, and it can be verified from the construction: hādhā… wa inna li'l-muttaqīna la-ḥusna maʾāb (49) → hādhā wa inna li'l-ṭāghīna la-sharra maʾāb (55) → and in the sixty-second verse those in the first tableau are being looked for.

إِنَّ ذَٰلِكَ لَحَقٌّ تَخَاصُمُ أَهْلِ ٱلنَّارِ — the seal of the section

And the section closes with a sentence of confirmation.

تَخَاصُم — root خ-ص-م, Form VI: to go to law against one another. It was tabulated above: the root occurs four times in the sūra (21, 22, 64, 69).

And now the chain becomes visible:

VerseExpressionWhereOutcome
21-22al-khaṣm / khaṣmāniIn the miḥrābA judgment was given
64takhāṣumu ahli'n-nārIn the FireNo outcome at all
69al-malaʾu'l-aʿlā idh yakhtaṣimūnOn high(To be recounted in 71-85)

I record this as my own reading, and its ground is these three occurrences: the sūra shows the same verb on three levels. And the middle one — the quarrel of those in the Fire — is the only one without an outcome. The suit on earth ended in a judgment; those in the Fire arrive nowhere.

لَحَقٌّ — and the word is among the central words of the sūra.

VerseExpressionAbout what
22fa'ḥkum baynanā bi'l-ḥaqqA request
26fa'ḥkum bayna'n-nāsi bi'l-ḥaqqA command
27(bāṭilā — its opposite)Creation
64inna dhālika la-ḥaqqReality
84fa'l-ḥaqqu wa'l-ḥaqqa aqūlGod's own word

Five occurrences, four different works: as a measure, as a command, as a reality, and as a quality of speech.

And la-ḥaqq here confirms the reality of a scene. I record this as my own reading: what is recounted is not left as a description or a likeness. The sūra breaks in and says "this is true" — and considering how ordinary the things happening in the scene are (accusation, imprecation, looking about), this is a note worth attention.


The whole of Sūrat Ṣād